Meaning
based on; according to; as indicated by
Primary Function
evidential opener
Communicative Purpose
presents a conclusion drawn from observable evidence
Pattern
Judging by; from
Core Structure
Judging by; from
Função primária
evidential opener
Propósito comunicativo
presents a conclusion drawn from observable evidence
Situações de gatilho
analysis, observation, reports
Contextos
everyday, professional, academic
Padrão
Judging by; from
Estrutura central
Judging by; from
Slots de substituição
"from" can replace "by"; NP can be "the look on his face," "the data," etc.
Colocados típicos
- from
- by
Substituições comuns
- Given
- Based on
- Considering
Erros comuns
"Judging by that" (clumsy); forgetting subject-verb agreement in main clause
Similar / contraste
Going by (more informal), Based on (neutral)
Interferências
Learners may attempt a literal word-for-word translation from their native language, resulting in unnatural phrasing.
Família do chunk
- judging by
- based on
- according to
Nuance
Implies the speaker is making an inference, not stating a fact with certainty.
Efeito pragmático
Signals that the speaker is drawing a conclusion from observable evidence, often sounding tentative or inferential.
Dica de memória
Think of a judge forming an opinion based on evidence.
Nota
Used to introduce a conclusion based on observable evidence.
Upgrade path
based on
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