Byte construction

Convert a sequence of integer byte values into a bytes object for binary data handling.

Network programming: building binary protocols; Testing: constructing binary test data; Cryptography: preparing byte sequences for encryption

Python standard library, network programming, file I/O, cryptography.

bytes([list_of_ints])

bytes([...])

list_of_ints: iterable of integers 0-255

• bytearray
• struct.pack
• memoryview
• bytes.decode

• bytes(b'ABC')
• bytes.fromhex('414243')
• bytearray([65
• 66
• 67])

Using values outside 0-255 raises ValueError; confusing bytes with str; forgetting that bytes are immutable.

bytearray([; ]) – mutable version; bytes.fromhex – from hex string.

Coming from languages where arrays of ints are used directly for binary data: may forget need to wrap in bytes() constructor.

• bytearray construction
• memoryview
• bytes.fromhex
• struct.pack

The resulting bytes object is immutable; to modify, use bytearray. Values must be in range 0-255.

Provides a clear, type-safe way to construct binary data from numeric codes.

Think of 'bytes from list of numbers' – like turning ASCII codes into raw bytes.

Note that bytes objects are immutable; if mutation is needed, use bytearray. The input iterable must yield integers in the range 0-255; otherwise a ValueError is raised.

bytearray([...])